History of the Visual Cliff in Psychology

History of the Visual Cliff in Psychology Theories Developmental Psychology Print How the Visual Cliff Tested Babies Depth Perception By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 21, 2020 Barbara Peacock / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A visual cliff involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies depth perception. Its created by connecting a transparent glass surface to an opaque patterned surface. The floor below has the same pattern as the opaque surface. This apparatus creates the visual illusion of a cliff while protecting the subject from injury. History of the Visual Cliff In order to investigate depth perception, psychologists E.J. Gibson and R.D. Walk developed the visual cliff test to use with human infants and animals.?? Earlier research had revealed that infants will respond to various depth cues even before they are able to crawl. Depth cues allow people to detect depth in a visual scene. These can include both monocular cues such as relative size and overlap, or binocular cues such as retinal disparity. Gibson and Walk were interested in whether or not an infants ability to perceive depth is a learned behavior or if it was, as they suspected, innate. Gibson and Walk described their visual cliff apparatus as a large sheet of heavy Plexiglass supported a foot or more off the floor. Early versions of the experiments involved animal subjects such as turtles, goats, rats, lambs, kittens, dogs, pigs, and monkeys.?? On one side of the glass, a high-contrast patterned fabric is pressed up against the underside to make the glass appear solid. The same material is laid on the floor below the glass, creating the visual illusion of a cliff. This allowed researchers to test infant perception while still ensuring the safety of their young subjects. Visual Cliff Infant Test In the test, a child is placed on one end of the platform and the caregiver stands on the other side of the clear surface.?? The assumption was that if a child had developed depth perception, he or she would be able to perceive the visual cliff and would be reluctant or refuse to crawl to the caregiver. It was also assumed that infants who still lacked depth perception would crawl happily to their caregivers without even noticing the apparent drop. Gibson and walk concluded that the ability to perceive depth emerges sometime around the age that an infant begins to crawl. The fear of heights, they suggested, is something learned later in infancy as gain experience with bumps, scrapes, and falls. Understanding the Visual Cliff Initially, psychologists believed that the perception of the visual cliff was a matter of physical and visual maturity. Babies could see the difference by the age of eight months, while younger infants with less developed depth perception could not see the cliff. Because six-month-old children could be enticed to wiggle across the visual edge, while 10-month-old children refused to cross the threshold, it was assumed that the younger children had not yet developed depth perception while the older children had.?? Later research, however, has demonstrated that children as young as three months are able to perceive the visual cliff. When placed over the apparent edge, their heart rates quicken, eyes widen, and breathing rates increase. So if these infants can perceive the visual cliff, why would they be willing to crawl off what appears to be a straight drop down? The issue is that children of this age do not yet fully realize that the consequence of going over this visual cliff is potentially falling. This realization only comes later when the child begins to crawl and gains real experience with taking tumbles. The assumption has long been that avoidance of the visual cliff was related to a fear of heights, but recent research suggests that infants avoid the drop-off because they sense that they lack the physical skills to make the descent possible.??

How the College Bubble Will Pop - 1816 Words

Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today (Richardson 382). One of the most amazing things people have dreamt to obtain is the â€Å"American Dream†. It is so profound in all the things it can symbolize. It is freedom, justice, but most of all, it is a hope for a better way of life. The immigrants who made the long and dangerous voyage to America wanted their children to have experiences that they never got to experience, one of those things being to have an education. Education has been so important and cherished for many years now. Without it, usually meant a mediocre job was imminent. Without it, people will not be using their full potential. Without it, the American Dream is not†¦show more content†¦That increased potential higher education revenues. Surprise! Over the last three decades, tuitions rose faster than the economy grew. (Barone) As touched by Barone, it can be inferred that the many attempts to aid American people was one of many causes to this situation. Furthermore insinuating that the amount of government intervention may as well caused this college bubble. Things such as the federal grant program which â€Å"†¦gives money to state and local governments to spend in accordance with set standards and conditions† and also the foundation of School Program which funds â€Å"†¦ programs for public education in the state of Texas† must be carefully supervised (Scott 361). It is essential that the government takes action to take care of its people, but there must be an extent. The college bubble has been predicted to pop for some time now. The situation has gotten so bad that the â€Å"†¦total college enrollment has fallen by 1.5% since 2012† (Vedder and Denhart). The price is increasing at a substantial rate and it seems like it is not slowing down. â€Å"Even more alarming t han the rate of tuition growth is the blistering increase in total outstanding student loans, which grew 511% since 1999 to $1 trillion† (Piereson). One trillion dollars is an enormous amount of money and is way too high for loans lent out. At this rate, there will be no money to give out since there is not more money to lend. Even thoughShow MoreRelatedRisks Of The Student Loan Bubble960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction/Overview I will be examining the risks of the student loan bubble. A bubble in financial terms regards to the rapid rise of asset prices that isn’t backed by fundamentals. This will eventually cause a large sell off leading to a sharp depletion in those asset values. Over the last 5 years the American federal reserve bank has increased spending on federal student loans over 1,000%. From $100 billion to over $1 trillion dollars. 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Get the Scoop on Essay Samples for Mba Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Essay Samples for Mba Before You're Too Late Nevertheless, there's one essential difference. Assuming that you would like to get hired by a fantastic company, normally you'll be requested to write a skilled goals essay to demonstrate that you're the most acceptable candidate to occupy the available position. Such questions need deep introspection for you to get to the core of your nature and influences. Politically our candidate has turned out to be somewhat skilled. There's a greater chance you will accomplish your aims by writing them down. Don't forget, all type of activities you're speaking about in the essay must be associated with the scholarship program. So it isn't very simple to receive a high mark. Prior planning on the way you want to come up with your day care center is extremely important to acquire suitable resources, funds, and staff. The Essay Samples for Mba Pitfall Essay writing is part of learning process. Students have to follow alon g with the directions carefully to create an ideal law essay. Masters Essay is a superb service. Essay writing tips You want to take a while to think about a few fundamental questions. You require a resume targeting the specific position you're applying for. Employing a font that is simple to read is also important. For instance, it is crucial to set the margins so you have some white space around the text. You're employed as a senior software engineer for a reputable business. There is an assortment of companies that provide research paper writing services. When it isn't the sort of essay you would like to see, then you are able to keep shopping for the next firm. While there are lots of resources that will supply you with tips and techniques to draft your essays, there's nothing better than real-life examples that have actually been selected by some of the very best B-schools on earth. To begin with, students find it difficult to write excellent research papers since t hey do not have sufficient time. Understanding of important components of succeeding from the very inception will result in the life objectives and plans formation. An MBA is a critical part of my career objectives, and as such plays an important part in achieving my life objectives. You are going to receive a personalized score report highlighting your strengths and regions of improvement. ASSESS CURRENT EMPLOYEES When the benchmark assessment is finished, you will have a thorough report of the best job analysis and design. For instance, if the company school requested a DOC, that is exactly what you should send. Initially there were very few businesses in the business but as people came to know more about the value of the insurance and its benefits, several new companies emerged. My job was supposed to work alongside the industry manager to help produce a more healthy marriage between the finance and marketing and advertising departments, thus improving our sales and workpl ace atmosphere. You can receive the ideal writing help if you're prepared to shell out time to choose the very best service provider. What Does Essay Samples for Mba Mean? The school gives you minimal guidance for applicants hoping to earn an impression. Being a real nurse doesn't appear to have the identical great feeling that it used to. Being a real nurse used to be related to the white starched dress uniform and cap. Nursing is frequently a springboard to numerous different positions. Admissions committees wish to be impressed but they would like to be impressed by you. The Admissions Committee wants to understand more about you and your distinctive personality and the way that can ultimately lead to the Wharton community. Career in Insurance There is an assortment of positions in the field at which you can work and earn a career. There are a lot of challenges you'll have to overcome if you wish to write MBA application essays that work. Admissions committee officers are on the watch for the very best possible candidate profiles. A number of decades back, locating a service to become done with the MBA essays wasn't effortless. The MBA thesis should be well written, dependent on scholarly research and has to be backed by verifiable data. If this is the case, you should take a look at our sample MBA Essay Guide. Students should use a lot of sources when writing research papers. In the event the business school states the essay is optional, then you need to DEFINITELY write one. Rather it's a good idea to find out what quality of MBA essay writing service it's possible to get. Furthermore, the students don't know the right writing styles to use while writing their research papers. For example, the writing styles that are utilised to write science papers are not accustomed to compose social science papers.

Kodak Harvard Case Free Essays

Case preparation memo GROUP NAME _____________________________ YOUR NAME_________Jordan Lewis_______ CASE __Kodak_________________ 1. What is/are the problem(s) in this case? Keep it to a single statement. At most, you may point out a couple of the key questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Kodak Harvard Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem in the Kodak case is that Kodak is losing market value because they are reworking their product line, causing doubt in customer mindset. They have created the Funtime film to attempt to regain market value. 2. What are the key issues? This is just a simple list (condensed SWOT). You do not need to analyze in great detail. The key issues are that they are losing market value by remaking their best seller. By attempting to enter the economy brand-pricing tier, they have restructured and rebranded their other films, making their consumer doubt the quality of their original product. They have renamed their superpremium film to correlate with their premium brand, which is a strength, but could lose a few of their customers in the transition. By not heavily advertising their new line of Funtime film they run the risk of not reaching their consumer. From a business standpoint, it seems odd to devote so little marketing to a new product, it seems as though they don’t care/believe in the product to begin with. 3. What are the alternatives? Be creative! What are the strategic tradeoffs (pros / cons)? This should be a list of at least 5 alternatives. They do not all have to be wonderful ideas. This is a brainstorming step -Take a percentage of the advertising/marketing dollars designated to the most well known, most purchased film, Gold Plus, and use it to run one campaign for Funtime. -Find a way to package the Gold Plus and the Funtime together. Advertise and market to current consumers of Gold Plus, their most popular film. -Give a free sample to 100 current Kodak users, it’s not incredibly costly and may be able to generate word of mouth advertising. -Sell each roll of Funtime individually. Set the price point a little higher than the packaged pricing would be, and market them as a quick solution to those necessary moments when a photo is needed. 4. Present a quantitative analysis of key alternatives (if appropriate). This section may include break even, margin analysis, ROI, LCV, etc. State clearly if you do not find relevant numbers in the case. It is an interesting strategy to sell the Funtime film in â€Å"value packs. † By selling them in packs they are making a relatively similar amount of money, as they would by selling one roll of Gold Plus film. On average consumers spent between $2. 50 and $3. 50 on a roll of film so by bundling Funtime together and selling them for roughly the same price as one roll of Gold Plus, it seems like a higher margin could be made by selling the Funtime rolls individually. If they were to sell them individually they could sell them for 0. 0 less than their Gold Plus and still make a decent margin, while maintaining the lower price point necessary for the consumer. The case states that Funtime is to be sold at a price 20% less than Gold Plus, which is sold for 20% less than Royal Gold. 5. In your own words, what is your recommendation? First, what reason(s) do you have to choose this alternative? Second, how will it be imp lemented? Use the marketing mix elements and research components as implementation guidelines. The previous sections can be duplicated within your group, but this part should be individual effort. The best strategy would be to concentrate on the new product line and promote it heavily with a competitive price. Product strategies: I think they need to reevaluate the way they are introducing Funtime into the market. It makes little to no sense to introduce an economy price based item into the market without advertising it. In analyzing their target only 10% were price shoppers, but their manager of general merchandise marketing stated that there is a significant rise in price-sensitive shoppers, so it would make sense to dedicate at least a portion of the marketing strategy to the new price point product. Go for market penetration! Pricing: The Funtime film is meant to fit the economy brand pricing tier. The other films in this tier range from $2. 69-$2. 91. The case does not directly state the price of one individual roll of Funtime film. It does however mention that it is only to be sold in packages of two or four. It would make most sense to sell two of the Funtime films for the price of one roll of their premium film. However, they do offer more exposures in the pack of four and could possibly sell it for a larger margin. Especially if they are trying to compete with the private label margin which is higher than Kodak’s margin. To implement this pricing strategy I would advertise a â€Å"2 for 1† or â€Å"more bang for your buck† strategy, emphasizing the quality or genre difference as well. Promotional ideas: As an alternative I would choose to offer some form of promotion for the Funtime film. I find it necessary to promote a new product, rather than introduce it twice a year in limited quantities. An economy-based shopper is looking for something easy, cheap, and on the go, so make it easily accessible to them. Promote it around graduation time, wedding season, and holidays so that people remember to pick up an extra roll of film. By releasing it with hardly any advertising and on a limited quantity run it doesn’t show much confidence in the product to begin with, so leave it out there and promote it when necessary. Distribution tactics: Distribute at point of sale, registers, next to picture frames, in the photo developing section of department and drug store. Maybe even convenience stores. It is an economy priced item, sell it where people will make it an add-on sale item. Distribute where current users of Kodak film shop so that they may become acquainted with it and understand its use. Research (goals, methods, etc. ): Research how other companies marketed and sold their economy brand priced film. Find out which consumer would be interested in the film and target them. Use a survey to ask current consumers what price they would be willing to pay for a less premium film, and what they would expect out of it. Run a trial test in key areas and around peak seasonal times. How to cite Kodak Harvard Case, Essay examples

The 14Th Dalai Lama Essays - Tulkus, Tibetan Independence Movement

The 14Th Dalai Lama Research Paper November 12, 1999 The 14th Dalai Lama ?Dalai Lama? literally means ocean priest. His vast followers, awestruck by his presence, cast their eyes downward, fall to the ground and weep. They cannot look directly in his eyes out of respect. The Dalai Lama realizes the magnitude of his position, but dismisses the idolatry. His people call him ?His Holiness.? He calls himself a Tibetan who chooses to be a Buddhist monk. He also was leader of a country that Tibetans say is occupied and that Beijing says has always been part of China. He is considered the reincarnation of the previous 13 Dalai Lamas of Tibet, the first born more than 640 years ago. This Dalai Lama is different from his predecessors, though. For instance, the 13th Dalai Lama was strict and formal, and most Tibetans couldn't get close to him except during public blessing ceremonies. The 14th Dalai Lama meets often with Tibetans and foreigners and never keeps people at a distance. He is among 600 Tibetan Buddhist monks living in Dharamsala, in northern India. About 7,000 of the 24,000 who live in this city are Tibetans, with the greatest concentration in the village of McLeod Ganj?the seat of Tibet's government-in- exile. The Chinese occupied Tibet in 1950. For nine years, the Dalai Lama tried to negotiate peaceful coexistence with his people and the Chinese. When that failed, he fled in 1959 to India, where he set up Tibet's government-in-exile. Lhamo Thondup was born July 6, 1935, to peasant farmers in Taktser, a poor settlement on a hill overlooking a broad valley in northeastern Tibet. Buddhist priests from Lhasa, Tibet's capital, came for the boy when he was 2. Omens led them to him: from the way the head of the 13th Dalai Lama had turned in his coffin toward the child's village, to the vision of the house seen in a lake by a high priest. The boy was renamed Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso and raised by monks in Lhasa in the 1,000-room Potala palace, where the fifth through the present Dalai Lamas resided. As a boy, he had no idea what it meant to be the 14th Dalai Lama?the ruler of the land hidden behind the Himalayas. He was tutored in Buddhist teachings. At 15, with his country under threat from the newly communist China, he formally became head of Tibet, which is about three times the size of California. At that time in 1950, peace in Tibet was shattered when 84,000 Chinese soldiers launched an attack at six points along Tibet's border. Chinese officials say communism liberated the downtrodden Tibetan people from a feudal theocracy harshly ruled by a succession of Dalai Lamas. But many Tibetans say communism never was attractive for them, and they always considered the rule of the Dalai Lama benevolent. Fearful of being captured by the Chinese and believing he would be more effective outside Tibet, the Dalai Lama fled at age 24 across 17,000-foot Himalayan passes into India. Together with the 70-man remnant of the Tibetan government, he was given political asylum. He chose India for its proximity to his homeland, and Tibetans felt a spiritual kinship with their neighbors because Buddhism originated in India. Buddhism teaches people to eliminate suffering caused by ignorance, egotism and self- centeredness. Buddhists cultivate morality, generosity, patience, energy, wisdom and meditation. They believe good actions lead to a promising rebirth. Tibet was the only place where Buddhist monks solely ruled the country. Leaders were thought to be incarnations of enlightened beings, and they taught others how to calm their minds and cultivate altruism. Tibetans say they lived peacefully until the Chinese invaded their country. Since then, 1.2 million people -- 20 percent of the Tibetan population?have died in combat and through massive famines from collectivized farming and diversion of Tibetan grain to China. The Chinese gutted all but 10 of Tibet's 6,254 monasteries, and their treasure -- $80 billion in jeweled, gold, silver and bronze statues and other holy items?was trucked back to China and later sold in markets in Hong Kong and Tokyo. Still, the Dalai Lama, 1989 Nobel Peace Prize winner for his non-violent quest to free his homeland, doesn't

Free Essays on Gilgamesh

Homer's The Illiad - Hector As The Epic Hero In Homer’s The Iliad there appears to be some controversy over who the true epic hero might be. We have heard many arguments supporting Achilles as the Epic Hero, and since The Iliad does indeed say â€Å"The Story of Achilles† I believe that Achilles is an easy character for people to associate as the epic hero. Although many people have cited Achilles as having superhuman strength and various other physical attributes, he appears to be lacking the qualities of a real Homeric Epic Hero. A Homeric Epic Hero must demonstrate all of the following three requirements in order for them to truly be considered an Epic Hero. A character must believe that men have to stand together in battle; men had to respect each other; and they had to refrain from excessive cruelty. This last condition was considered to be critically important for the Epic Hero. A true Epic Hero loathed deliberate acts of cruelty, defamation, and injustice. An Epic Hero believed that if they were to kill an opponent it must be done quickly. There was to be no mutilation of any kind because it reflected poorly upon the victor and the victor’s community. In the following paragraphs you will see how Achilles breaks all three rules/requirements of an epic hero, and upon doing so relinquishes any right he has to be called an Epic Hero. The first requirement of an Epic Hero is that he believes that men should stand together in battle. Achilles is a great warrior with superhuman strength, but when Briseis, Achilles war prize, is stripped from him by Agamemnon he proceeds to throw a temper tantrum. Achilles cares no more about standing alongside his fellow Greek warriors because he has been disrespected by Agamemnon. Homer does an excellent job of making most readers sympathize with Achilles, until around book nine when Patroklos is killed in battle. It is not until nine books of brooding and pouting passed for Achilles to realize h... Free Essays on Gilgamesh Free Essays on Gilgamesh The character that I choose from the book â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is Gilgamesh himself. In the beginning of the book one realizes that Gilgamesh is a self-absorbed individual. He abuses his rights as king, as well as â€Å"leaves no virgin to her lover†. (13) Although readers may say that Gilgamesh stays the same throughout the whole story, it can easily be interpreted the other way. Throughout the book, many things cause Gilgamesh to change. He gains a friend names Enkidu. After killing Humbaba he makes a name for himself. He then tries to become immortal because of the death of Enkidu. Through his many actions and tribulations his personality changes and he becomes a better person. Gilgamesh weakness and strengths are of equal throughout the whole story. He is â€Å"created with a perfect body, endowed with beauty, as well as courage.† (13) â€Å"He is as strong as a star from heaven.† (14) These are just some of his strengths. Weakness that Gilgamesh shows throughout the story are the following: â€Å"O Shamash, hear me, hear me, Shamash, let my voice be heard.† (18) â€Å"Bitterly he wept for his friend Enkidu; he wandered over the wilderness as a hunter, he roamed over the plains; in his bitterness he cried.† (31) These are two perfect examples of how Gilgamesh shows he weakness. The culture of this story is about friendship. Gilgamesh learns to become a best friend to Enkidu. He learns to make Enkidu happy who is his best friend. Gilgamesh has to change, and he does, throughout their relationship in order to keep their relationship. Friendship is valued in this story above all and it is shown throughout. I believed that a major issue within the Sumerian culture was friendship.... Free Essays on Gilgamesh The Babylonian author of The Epic of Gilgamesh reveals very much about the Sumerian culture especially through the use of the intervention of the gods is his tale of a hero and king fearing the inevitable stage of life; death. The gods and goddesses in the epic are written in their Akkadian forms, yet they did originate in the Sumerian language. The tale of Gilgamesh is based on King Gilgamesh of Uruk whose legendary adventure lies in the hands of the gods and goddesses from above and below. Gilgamesh himself is depicted as two-thirds god and one-third man which was definitely connected to the way the Sumerian culture thought of their kings in c. 3600 BCE. Their king was thought of as semi-divine being. Gilgamesh’s mother is a goddess named Ninsun and his father is Lugalbanda. The Sumerians put forth so much of their time worshipping and paying sacrifice to the gods by the way of temples, offerings, burial sacrifices, worship and belief in the Netherworld. That shows us that the people of the Sumerian civilization and the people portrayed in Uruk very much believed in the gods’ powers. Even Gilgamesh, part god, exhibited every person’s belief in the gods. In the Late Uruk Period the people saw themselves as humans put on this earth to serve the gods and while doing so have the chance to live a righteous life, live by me(the laws of the universe) and when you die(since the gods only retained immortality for themselves) hopefully there are eno ugh gifts and sacrifices for you that make your stay more pleasurable in the Netherworld. In Sumerian culture An is the patron god of Uruk, god of the sky and earlier known as the father and ruler of all gods. This god is represented in Akkadian in the Babylonian story as Anu with the same characteristics. Enlil, the patron god of the holy city, Nippur; god of air and even thought of as the diety who chose and gave power to all the earthly rulers. Shamash is god of the sun and ... Free Essays on Gilgamesh The best-known of the Mesopotamian myths, one of the world’s oldest surviving pieces of literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh ruled the Mesopotamian city of Uruk around 2000 BC. Gilgamesh was part human and part god. The epic was composed around 2000 BC and tells the story of the journeys of Gilgamesh. According to the epic of Gilgamesh there was a great flood. The flood took place because the people multiplied, the world bellowed widely and the gods were upset by the clamour. Mankind became intolerable to the gods so they decided to exterminate them. Warrior Enlil caused the great flood. The account of the flood in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the great flood described in Genesis has some differences and similarities. One similarity is the building of the boat to keep the living creatures in so they wouldn’t drown in the flood. One difference is the great flood in Gilgamesh is it only rained for six days and six nights, in Genesis it rained for forty days and forty nights. The story of the flood tells us something about the Mesopotamian gods. It tells us that they are all evil. The people of Mesopotamia have negative attitudes towards the gods. I think this epic tell us that the Mesopotamians had a very strong view on life. They did not tolerate to much of the Mesopotamian people. They wanted society to be perfect.... Free Essays on Gilgamesh The Flood of Gilgamesh and Genesis The Epic of Gilgamesh records a story of a world-wide flood and pre-dates Genesis. So some claim that this invalidates the Genesis record. But P.J. Wiseman presents an interesting theory in this regard in his book Ancient Records and the Structure of Genesis (New York: Thomas Nelson, 1985). He believes that Moses did not write Genesis but rather translated it from ancient stone tablets written in Cuneiform script. The tablets each would have been originally written by eye-witnesses of the particular events, or those who received their information from eye-witnesses. He breaks Genesis into parts according to the phrase "These are the generations" (KJV; "This is the history" - NKJV; "This the account" - NASB; NIV; Gen 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10; 11:27; 25:12,9; 36:1,9; 37:2). He compares the use of this phrase and the structure of each section to the stone tablets written in cuneiform script. Many of these tablets have been discovered and they date to the third millenium BC. Wiseman's theory is that Genesis is translated from individual tablets which would have contained the material before each occurrence of the above phrase. So the narratives of the creation of the universe (Gen 1) and of the Garden of Eden (Gen 2) would have been written on one tablet by Adam as these events were revealed to him by the only Eye-witness of the events, God Himself. The narratives of the Fall and subsequent events would have been written on another tablet by Adam as an eye-witness of the events. Adam then passed each of these tablets on to his descendant Seth. Seth then recorded the events of Gen 5 and passed the tablets to his descendant Noah. Noah then recorded the events of Gen 6-9 and passed the tablets to his descendant Shem, and so one until Joseph. Joseph then recorded the final chapters of Genesis and placed all of the tablets in the library of the pharaohs. Moses then, while in pharaoh’... Free Essays on Gilgamesh The main character in the book The Epic of Gilgamesh, is Gilgamesh himself. In the beginning of the book one realizes that Gilgamesh is an arrogant person. Gilgamesh is full of himself and abuses his rights as king. He has sexual intercourse with the virgins of his town and acts as though he is a god. Throughout the book, many things cause Gilgamesh to change. He gains a friend, he makes a name for himself by killing Humbaba, and he tries to become a better person. First, the quest for immortality after the death of Enkidu shows that Gilgamesh has changed. Gilgamesh becomes frightened when he realizes that he isn’t immortal. After the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh tries to find immortality by trying to cross the ocean to find it. He sounds pathetic as he rambles of his reason for trying to find everlasting life. His state of being at this part in the book, which is the end, is completely different from his arrogant beginning of this epic. Gilgamesh has gone from arrogant to scared. Second, the death of Humbaba changes Gilgamesh. Humbaba is evil. Many people who live in the city of Uruk fear Gilgamesh. Most would say that Gilgamesh himself is, in fact, evil. He has sex with the virgins, he does what he wants, and he tends to offend the gods. He has lots of problems with Ishtar. By going into the forest and facing Humbaba, Gilgamesh makes a name for himself and changes the views of the people in his city. The past of Gilgamesh does not change, but the great deed of killing Humbaba, makes him better person because he protects his city. Most would say he does this only to make a name for himself, but that is not the case. Gilgamesh does this because of his love for Enkidu and his people, he has changed from the beginning of the epic. The gods are angry with Gilgamesh and send down an equal of himself, they send down Enkidu. After becoming friends, Gilgamesh changes because he has an equal to be with. Enkidu and... Free Essays on Gilgamesh Compare and Contrast of Gilgamesh and Enkidu The story of Gilgamesh is one of literature’s greatest, oldest poems. It is the first poem ever to be translated to present day text. It can be traced far back as to 2700 B. C. It is a classic tale that us today can see a sort of relations in other literary works. In this poem, an equal to Gilgamesh, Enkidu was created by the gods in response to the prayers of the people of Urk. Made to the likeness of Gilgamesh, Enkidu was created in order to end the arrogant Gilgamesh. But when quarreling against each other they found a companion in each other’s company. So they remained friends throughout the poem. As equals gods created them but they are different from each other. Gilgamesh was born to Ninsun, a wise god. He is 2/3 god and 1/3 man. His beauty was like no other. No mortal man could compare to his immaculate, flawless features. Strength like a wild ox was bestow upon him by the gods. Also courage so that he will rule without doubt. But to the people of Urk, the town that he ruled over, Gilgamesh was considered arrogant. He ruled the people harshly and brutally. So gods created in his likeness Enkidu to see an end to Gilgamesh. The wild raised Enkidu. He is a blend of human and animal. The animal beings dominate at first. His hair was long and matted. He ran with the animals and ate raw food. A savage was he. At the time of his being civilized, he at times wanted to fight with Gilgamesh. Making Enkidu appear as to a brute. Were one was created to rule a kingdom; the other was created to destroy the king. As much as they were different remember that they were born of the same origin. The gods created both Enkidu and Gilgamesh. Both had stunning features of immaculate beauty. Strong as ox’s and had courage of the gods. Nothing could stand in the way of these two men but only themselves and the gods. Gilgamesh would have dreams upon meeting Enkidu. These dreams were translated by ... Free Essays on Gilgamesh Homer's The Illiad - Hector As The Epic Hero In Homer’s The Iliad there appears to be some controversy over who the true epic hero might be. We have heard many arguments supporting Achilles as the Epic Hero, and since The Iliad does indeed say â€Å"The Story of Achilles† I believe that Achilles is an easy character for people to associate as the epic hero. Although many people have cited Achilles as having superhuman strength and various other physical attributes, he appears to be lacking the qualities of a real Homeric Epic Hero. A Homeric Epic Hero must demonstrate all of the following three requirements in order for them to truly be considered an Epic Hero. A character must believe that men have to stand together in battle; men had to respect each other; and they had to refrain from excessive cruelty. This last condition was considered to be critically important for the Epic Hero. A true Epic Hero loathed deliberate acts of cruelty, defamation, and injustice. An Epic Hero believed that if they were to kill an opponent it must be done quickly. There was to be no mutilation of any kind because it reflected poorly upon the victor and the victor’s community. In the following paragraphs you will see how Achilles breaks all three rules/requirements of an epic hero, and upon doing so relinquishes any right he has to be called an Epic Hero. The first requirement of an Epic Hero is that he believes that men should stand together in battle. Achilles is a great warrior with superhuman strength, but when Briseis, Achilles war prize, is stripped from him by Agamemnon he proceeds to throw a temper tantrum. Achilles cares no more about standing alongside his fellow Greek warriors because he has been disrespected by Agamemnon. Homer does an excellent job of making most readers sympathize with Achilles, until around book nine when Patroklos is killed in battle. It is not until nine books of brooding and pouting passed for Achilles to realize h... Free Essays on Gilgamesh Gilgamesh The character that I choose from the book â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is Gilgamesh himself. In the beginning of the book one realizes that Gilgamesh is a self-absorbed individual. He abuses his rights as king, as well as â€Å"leaves no virgin to her lover†. (13) Although readers may say that Gilgamesh stays the same throughout the whole story, it can easily be interpreted the other way. Throughout the book, many things cause Gilgamesh to change. He gains a friend names Enkidu. After killing Humbaba he makes a name for himself. He then tries to become immortal because of the death of Enkidu. Through his many actions and tribulations his personality changes and he becomes a better person. Gilgamesh weakness and strengths are of equal throughout the whole story. He is â€Å"created with a perfect body, endowed with beauty, as well as courage.† (13) â€Å"He is as strong as a star from heaven.† (14) These are just some of his strengths. Weakness that Gilgamesh shows throughout the story are the following: â€Å"O Shamash, hear me, hear me, Shamash, let my voice be heard.† (18) â€Å"Bitterly he wept for his friend Enkidu; he wandered over the wilderness as a hunter, he roamed over the plains; in his bitterness he cried.† (31) These are two perfect examples of how Gilgamesh shows he weakness. The culture of this story is about friendship. Gilgamesh learns to become a best friend to Enkidu. He learns to make Enkidu happy who is his best friend. Gilgamesh has to change, and he does, throughout their relationship in order to keep their relationship. Friendship is valued in this story above all and it is shown throughout. I believed that a major issue within the Sumerian culture was friendship.... Free Essays on Gilgamesh I concluded that the social themes of this story were separation and freedom. The story starts out with, â€Å"Gran started it all.† (501) From this quote alone I felt like something new was going to start. As I read more into the story I found that this idea of mine to be true. Gran was trying to separate from her real world and into a world where she would be free. â€Å"She informed us that, as of now she was Rufous-necked Hornbill, of India.† (501) This is another statement that supports my themes. Here Gran shows that she did what she did to escape. Even though she hadn’t visited India she told everyone she was form there. I believe that Gran was taken out of her comfort zone. Maybe she did this because of her society having problems. For example the Water Department is restricting supply. The Energy is warning of depleted stocks and the Department of Rest had announced that the population must fall by one-point-eight per cent by November or else. â€Å"A c lassic case of regression to the childlike state† as stated by Dr. Pratt. (502) Even Dr. Pratt sees that Gran has escaped and separated into a free society. A society in which she could gobble, screech, as well as be naked and sexually liberated, and not have to worry about reality. These actions were brought upon by fear, the fear of reality and the fear of not knowing what was going to happen next. Throughout the whole story there are phrases that help support my themes....

Van Der Waals Forces Definition

Van Der Waals Forces Definition Van der Waals Forces are the weak forces which contribute to intermolecular bonding  between molecules. Molecules inherently possess energy and their electrons are always in motion, so transient concentrations of electrons in one region or another lead electrically positive regions of a molecule to be attracted to the electrons of another molecule. Similarly, negatively-charged regions of one molecule are repulsed by negatively-charged regions of another molecule. Van der Waals forces are the sum of the attractive and repulsive electrical forces between atoms and molecules. These forces differ from covalent and ionic chemical bonding because they result from fluctuations in charge density of particles. Examples of van der Waals forces include hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole interactions. Key Takeaways: Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are distance-dependent forces between atoms and molecule not associated with covalent or ionic chemical bonds.Sometimes the term is used to encompass all intermolecular forces, although some scientists only include London dispersion force, Debye force, and Keeson force.Van der Waals forces are the weakest of the chemical forces, but they still play an important role in the properties of molecules and in surface science. Properties of Van der Waals Forces Certain characteristics are displayed by van der Waals forces: The forces are additive.The forces are weaker than either ionic or covalent chemical bonds.They are not directional.The forces act only over a very short range. The interaction is greater when molecules draw closer.Van der Waals forces are independent of temperature, with the exception of dipole-dipole interactions. Components of Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are the weakest intermolecular forces. Their strength typically ranges from 0.4 to 4 kJ/mol and act over distances less than 0.6 nm. When the distance is less than 0.4 nm, the net effect of the forces is repulsive as electron clouds repel each other. There are four major contributions to van der Waals forces: There is a negative component that prevents molecules from collapsing. This is due to the Pauli exclusion principle.Either an attractive or repulsive electrostatic interaction occurs between permanent charges, dipoles, quadrupoles, and multipoles. This interaction is called Keesom interaction or Keesom force, named for Willem Hendrik Keesom.Induction or polarization occurs. This is an attractive force between a permanent polarity on one molecule and an induced polarity on another. This interaction is called the Debye force for Peter J.W. Debye.London dispersion force is the attraction between any pair of molecules due to instantaneous polarization. The force is named after Fritz London. Note even nonpolar molecules experience London dispersion. Van der Waals Forces, Geckos, and Arthropods Geckos, insects, and some spiders have setae on their foot pads that allow them to climb extremely smooth surfaces, such as glass. In fact, a gecko can even hang from a single toe! Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for the phenomena, but it turns out the primary cause of the adhesion is the electrostatic force more than van der Waals forces or capillary action. Researchers have produced dry glue and adhesive tape based on analysis of gecko and spider feet. The stickiness results both from tiny velcro-like hair and also the addition of lipids, which are found on gecko feet. Gecko feet are sticky because of van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, and lipids found on their skin. StephanHoerold / Getty Images Real-Life Spiderman In 2014, DARPA tested its Geckskin, a material based on the setae of gecko footpads. A 100-kg researcher, carrying an additional 20 kg of gear, scaled an 8 m (26 ft) glass wall using two climbing paddles. The goal is to give military personnel Spiderman-like abilities. Scientists have found a way to use van der Waals forces to help people cling to smooth surfaces, such as glass and walls. OrangeDukeProductions / Getty Images Sources Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, Metin; Liang, Yiching A.; Peattie, Anne M.; Hansen, Wendy R.; Sponberg, Simon; Kenny, Thomas W.; Fearing, Ronald; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Full, Robert J. (2002). Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (19): 12252–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799Dzyaloshinskii, I. D.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, L. P. (1961). General theory of van der Waals forces. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 4 (2): 153. doi:10.1070/PU1961v004n02ABEH003330Israelachvili, J. (1985–2004). Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375181-2.Parsegian, V. A. (2006). van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83906-8.Wolff, J. O.; Gorb, S. N. (18 May 2011). The influence of humidity on the attachment ability of the spider Philodromus dispar (Araneae, Philodromidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 139–143. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0505